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INDIAN PENAL CODE Section 191 | Giving False Evidence

INDIAN PENAL CODE Section 191 | Giving false evidence

FALSE EVIDENCE AND OFFENCES AGAINST PUBLIC JUSTICE | IPC 191 

Whoever, being legally bound by an oath or by an express provision of law to state the truth, or being bound by law to make a declaration upon any subject, makes any statement which is false, and which he either knows or believes to be false or does not believe to be true, is said to give false evidence.

Explanation 1. –– A statement is within the meaning of this section, whether it is made verbally or otherwise.

Explanation 2. –– A false statement as to the belief of the person attesting is within the meaning of this section, and a person may be guilty of giving false evidence by stating that he believes a thing which he does not believe, as well as by stating that he knows a thing which he does not know.

Illustrations

  1. A, in support of a just claim which B has against Z for one thousand rupees, falsely swears on a trial that he heard Z admit the justice of B’s claim. A has given false evidence.
  2. A, being bound by an oath to state the truth, states that he believes a certain signature to be the handwriting of Z, when he does not believe it to be the handwriting of Z here A states that which he knows to be false, and, therefore, given false evidence.
  3. A, knowing the general character of Z’s handwriting, states that he believes a certain signature to be the handwriting of Z; A in good faith believing it to be so. Here A’s statement is merely as to his belief, and is true as to his belief, and therefore, although the signature may not be the handwriting of Z, A has not given false evidence.
  4. A, being bound by an oath to state the truth, states that he knows that Z was at a particular place on a particular day, not knowing anything upon the subject. A gives false evidence whether Z was at that place on the day named or not.
  5. A, an interpreter or translator, gives or certifies as a true interpretation or translation of a statement or document which he is bound by oath to interpret or translate truly, the which is not and which he does not believe to be a true interpretation. A has given false evidence.

ઇંડીયન પિનલ કોડ કલમ 191 – ખોટો પુરાવા આપવા

ખોટા પુરાવા અને જાહેર ન્યાય સામેના ગુનાઓ

જે કોઈ, કાયદેસર રીતે શપથ દ્વારા અથવા કાયદાની સ્પષ્ટ જોગવાઈ દ્વારા સત્ય જણાવવા માટે બંધાયેલ હોય, અથવા કોઈપણ વિષય પર ઘોષણા કરવા કાયદા દ્વારા બંધાયેલ હોય, તે કોઈપણ નિવેદન કરે છે જે ખોટુ છે, અને જે તે ક્યાં તો જાણે છે અથવા ખોટા હોવાનું માને છે. અથવા સાચા હોવાનું માનતા નથી, ખોટા પુરાવા આપવા માટે કહેવાય છે.

સમજૂતી 1. –– નિવેદન આ વિભાગના અર્થમાં છે, પછી ભલે તે મૌખિક રીતે કરવામાં આવે કે અન્યથા.સમજૂતી 2. –– પ્રમાણિત કરનાર વ્યક્તિની માન્યતા અંગેનું ખોટુ નિવેદન આ વિભાગના અર્થમાં છે, અને વ્યક્તિ એવું કહીને ખોટા પુરાવા આપવા માટે દોષિત હોઈ શકે છે કે તે એવી વસ્તુ માને છે જે તે માનતો નથી, તેમજ એવુ કહીને કે તે એવી વસ્તુ જાણે છે જે તે જાણતો નથી.

ઉદાહરણ a)  A, એક ન્યાયી દાવાના સમર્થનમાં કે જે B એ Z વિરુધ્ધ એક હજાર રૂપિયા માટે છે, ટ્રાયલ પર ખોટી રીતે શપથ લે છે કે તેણે Z ને B ના દાવાના ન્યાયને સ્વીકારતા સાંભળ્યા છે. એ ખોટો પુરાવા આપ્યા છે.b)  A, સત્ય જણાવવા માટે શપથ દ્વારા બંધાયેલો, જણાવે છે કે તે ચોક્કસ હસ્તાક્ષારને Z ની હસ્તાક્ષર તરીકે માને છે, જયારે તે તેને Z ના હસ્તાક્ષર તરીકે માનતો નથી, ત્યારે A અહીં જણાવે છે કે ટે ખોટું હોવાનું જાણે છે, અને તેથી, ખોટા પુરાવા આપ્યા. c)   A, Z ના હસ્તાક્ષરના સામાન્ય પાત્રને જાણીને, જણાવે છે કે ટે માને છે કે ચોક્કસ હસ્તાક્ષર Z ની હસ્તાક્ષર છે; A સદ્ધાવાનાથી એવું માનીને. અહી A નું નિવેદન ફક્ત તેની માન્યતા માટે છે, અને તેની માન્યતા પ્રમાણે સાચું છે, અને તેથી, સહી Z ની હસ્તાક્ષર ન હોવા છતાં, A એ ખોટા પુરાવા આપ્યા નથી. d)  A, સત્ય જણાવવા માટેના શપથ દ્વારા બંધાયેલું છે, જણાવે છે કે તે જાણે છે કે Z ચોક્કસ દિવસે કોઈ ચોક્કસ સ્થળે હતો, તે વિષય પર કંઈપણ જાણતો નથી. A ખોટા પુરાવા આપે છે કે Z નામના દિવસે તે જગ્યાએ હતો કે નહીં.e)  A, એક દુભાષિયા અથવા અનુવાદક, નિવેદન અથવા દસ્તાવેજના સાચા અર્થઘટન અથવા અનુવાદ તરીકે આપે છે અથવા પ્રમાણિત કરે છે જેનું તે સાચું અર્થઘટન અથવા અનુવાદ કરવા માટે શપથ દ્વારા બંધાયેલ છે, જે નથી અને જે તે સાચું અર્થઘટન હોવાનું માનતો નથી. એ ખોટા પુરાવા આપ્યા છે.   

IPC धारा 191 | मिथ्या साक्ष्य देना

झूठे साक्ष्य और सामाजिक न्याय के विरुध्द अपराध

जो कोई, शपथ द्वारा या कानून के किसी स्पष्ट प्रावधान द्वारा सत्य बयान करने के लिए कानूनी रूप से बाध्य होने पर, या किसी विषय पर घोषणा करने के लिए कानून द्वारा बाध्य होने पर, कोई ऐसा बयान देता है जो झूठा है, और जिसे वह जनता है या मानता है कि झूठ है या सत्य नहीं मानता, मिथ्या साक्ष्य देने वाला जनता है या मानता है कि झूठ है या सत्य नही मानता, मिथ्या साक्ष्य देने वाला कहा जाता है!स्पष्टीकरण 1 – एक बयान इस धारा के अर्थ के अंतर्गत है, चाहे वह मौखिक रूप से दिया गया हो या अन्यथा!स्पष्टिकरण 2 – साक्ष्य देने वाले व्यक्ति के विश्वास के बारे में एक गलत बयान इस धारा के अर्थ के अंतर्गत है, और एक व्यक्ति यह कहकर झूठा साक्ष्य देने का दोषी हो सकता है कि वह उस चीज पर विश्वास करता है जिस पर वह विश्वास नहीं करता है, साथ ही यह कहकर कि वह एक ऐसी चीज जनता है जो वह नहीं जानता है!

उदाहरण a)  A, एक उचित दावे के समर्थन में, जो B ने एक हजार रूपये के लिए Z के खिलाफ किया है, एक मुकदमे में झूठी शपथ लेता है कि उसने Z को बी के दावे के न्याय को स्वीकार करते हुए सुना है! A ने झूठा साक्ष्य दिया है! b)  A, सत्य बताने की शपथ से बंधा हुआ है, कहता है कि उसका मानना ​​है कि एक निश्चित हस्ताक्षर Z की लिखावट है, जबकि उसे विश्वास नहीं है कि यह Z की लिखावट है, यहां A वह बताता है जिसे वह जानता है कि वह गलत है, और इसलिए, झूठे सबूत दिए गए।

  1. A, Z कीलिखावटकेसामान्यचरित्रकोजानतेहुएकहताहैकिवहएकनिश्चितहस्ताक्षरकोZ कीलिखावटमानताहै; A नेकनीयतीसेऐसामानतेहुए। यहांA काबयानकेवलउसकेविश्वासकेबारेमेंहै, औरउसकेविश्वासकेबारेमेंसचहै, औरइसलिए, हालांकिहस्ताक्षरZ कीलिखावटनहींहोसकताहै, A नेगलतसबूतनहींदियाहै।
  2. A, सत्यबतानेकीशपथसेबंधाहुआहै, कहताहैकिवहजानताहैकिZएकविशेषदिनपरएकविशेषस्थानपरथा, इसविषयपरकुछभीनहींजानताथा। A झूठासाक्ष्यदेताहैकिबताएगएदिनZ उसस्थानपरथायानहीं।
  3. A, एकदुभाषियायाअनुवादक, किसीकथनयादस्तावेज़कीसच्चीव्याख्यायाअनुवाददेताहैयाप्रमाणितकरताहै, जिसकीवहसहीव्याख्यायाअनुवादकरनेकेलिएशपथसेबाध्यहै, जोनहींहैऔरजिसेवहसच्चीव्याख्यानहींमानताहै। Aनेझूठासाक्ष्यदियाहै।

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The Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 | CRPC Section 299

The Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 | Section-299 |Record of evidence in absence of accused.

1) If it is proved that an accused person has absconded, and that there is no immediate prospect of arresting him, the Court competent to try or commit for trial such person for the offence complained of, may, in his absence, examine the witnesses (if any) produced on behalf of the prosecution, and record their depositions and any such deposition may, on the arrest of such person, be given in evidence against him on the inquiry into or trial for, the offence with which he is charged, if the deponent is dead or incapable of giving evidence or cannot be found or his presence cannot be procured without an amount of delay, expense or inconvenience which, under the circumstances of the case, would be unreasonable.

2) If it appears that an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life has been committed by some person or persons unknown, the High Court or the Sessions Judge may direct that any Magistrate of the first class shall hold an inquiry and examine any witnesses who can give evidence concerning the offence and any depositions so taken may be given in evidence against any person who is subsequently accused of the offence, if the deponent is dead or incapable of giving evidence or beyond the limits of India.

दंड प्रक्रिया संहिता, 1973 धारा 299 – अभियुक्त की अनुपस्थिति में साक्ष्य का अभिलेख।

1)  यदि यह साबित हो जाता है कि आरोपी व्यक्ति फरार हो गया है, और उसे गिरफ्तार करने की तत्काल कोई संभावना नहीं है, तो शिकायत किए गए अपराध के लिए ऐसे व्यक्ति पर मुकदमा चलाने या मुकदमा चलाने के लिए सक्षम न्यायालय, उसकी अनुपस्थिति में, गवाहों की जांच कर सकता है (यदि कोई भी) अभियोजन पक्ष की ओर से पेश किया जाता है, और उनके बयान दर्ज किए जाते हैं और ऐसे किसी भी बयान को, ऐसे व्यक्ति की गिरफ्तारी पर, उस अपराध की जांच या मुकदमे में उसके खिलाफ साक्ष्य के रूप में दिया जा सकता है, जिस अपराध के लिए उस पर आरोप लगाया गया है, यदि अभिसाक्षी मर चुका है या साक्ष्य देने में असमर्थ है या पाया नहीं जा सकता है या उसकी उपस्थिति किसी देरी, व्यय या असुविधा के बिना नहीं की जा सकती है, जो मामले की परिस्थितियों में अनुचित होगी।

2)  यदि ऐसा प्रतीत होता है कि मौत या आजीवन कारावास से दंडनीय अपराध किसी अज्ञात व्यक्ति या व्यक्तियों द्वारा किया गया है, तो उच्च न्यायालय या सत्र न्यायाधीश निर्देश दे सकते हैं कि प्रथम श्रेणी का कोई भी मजिस्ट्रेट जांच करेगा और किसी भी गवाह की जांच करेगा जो दे सकता है अपराध से संबंधित साक्ष्य और इस प्रकार ली गई कोई भी गवाही किसी भी व्यक्ति के खिलाफ साक्ष्य में दी जा सकती है, जिस पर बाद में अपराध का आरोप लगाया गया है, यदि अभिसाक्षी मर चुका है या साक्ष्य देने में असमर्थ है या भारत की सीमा से बाहर है।

ફોજદારી કાર્યરીતિ સંહિતા 1973 કલમ-299. આરોપીની ગેરહાજરીમાં પુરાવો નોંધવા બાબત-

(1) આરોપી નાસી ગયેલ હોવાનું અને તેને તરત પકડવાની કોઇ સંભાવના ન હોવાનું સાબિત થાય તો, ફરિયાદવાળા ગુના માટે ઇન્સાફી કાર્યવાહી કરવાની અથવા ઇન્સાફી કાર્યવાહી માટે કમિટ કરવાની સત્તા ધરાવનાર કોર્ટ, તેની ગેરહાજરીમાં, ફરિયાદ પક્ષ તરફથી રજુ કરેલા હોય તે સાક્ષીઓને તપાસી, તેમની જુબાની લખી લઇ શકાશે અને જુબાની આપનાર મૃત્યુ પામ્યો હોય અથવા જુબાની આપવા અશકિતમાન હોય અથવા શોધી શકાતો ન હોય અથવા કેસના સંજોગો જોતા ગેરવ્યાજબી ગણાય એવા વિલંબ, ખર્ચ કે અગવડ વિના તેને હાજર કરી શકાય તેમ ન હોય તો આરોપીને પકડવામાં આવે ત્યારે તેના ઉપર જે ગુનાનું તહોમત મુકવામાં આવ્યું તે ગુનાની તપાસમાં કે તે માટેની ઇન્સાફી કાર્યવાહીમાં એવી જુબાની તેની વિરુધ્ધ પુરાવામાં આપી શકાશે.

(2) મોતની કે જન્મટીપની શિક્ષાને પાત્ર કોઇ ગુનો અજ્ઞાત વ્યકિતએ કૈ વ્યકિતઓએ કર્યા હોવાનું જણાય ત્યારે, હાઇકોર્ટ કે સેશન્સ જજ કોઇ પહેલા વર્ગના મેજિસ્ટ્રેટને તપાસ કરવા અને તે ગુના અંગે પુરાવા આપી શકે તેવા સાક્ષીઓને તપાસવાનો આદેશ આપી શકાશે અને તે જુબાની આપનાર મૃત્યુ પામયો હોય, અથવા પુરાવો આપવા અશકિતમાન હોય અથવા ભારતની હદની બહાર હોય તો, એ રીતે લેવાયેલી જુબાની ત્યાર પછી જેના ઉપર તે ગુનાનો આરોપ મુકવામાં આવે તે વ્યકિત વિરુધ્ધ પુરાવામાં આપી શકાશે.

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Author Advocate Paresh M Modi
Categories Anticipatory Bail Lawyer, Criminal Lawyer

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Legal Words and its Definitions

FIR

A FIR (First Information Report) is the initial complaint recorded by the police when a cognizable offense is reported. It serves as the basis for the investigation and includes essential details of the alleged crime.

Quash

Quash refers to the legal process of nullifying or canceling an official proceeding, order, or complaint. Courts quash FIRs or orders if they lack merit or violate legal principles.

Quashing

Quashing is the act of invalidating a case, FIR, or legal order by the authority of a court, often based on lack of evidence, jurisdictional errors, or procedural irregularities.

Summons

A summons is a legal document issued by a court requiring a person to appear before it on a specified date, either as a witness, accused, or respondent.

Notice

A notice is a formal written communication informing an individual or entity about legal proceedings, obligations, or actions they need to address or comply with.

Warrant

A warrant is a legal authorization issued by a court allowing law enforcement to arrest, search, or detain a person, or seize property in connection with a case.

Bailable

Bailable offenses allow the accused to obtain bail as a matter of right, often for less severe crimes, upon fulfilling certain conditions set by the court.

Non-Bailable

Non-bailable offenses are more serious in nature, requiring judicial discretion for granting bail, with no automatic right for the accused to secure release.

Bail

Bail is the temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, granted under certain conditions to ensure their appearance in court.

Anticipatory Bail

Anticipatory bail is a legal provision allowing an individual to seek bail in advance to avoid arrest when they anticipate being accused of a crime.

Regular Bail

Regular bail is granted to an accused person already in custody, ensuring their release pending trial or investigation.

Successive Bail

Successive bail refers to subsequent bail applications filed after an earlier one has been rejected, usually requiring new grounds or evidence.

Bail Application

A bail application is a formal request submitted to the court, seeking the release of an accused person on bail, explaining legal grounds for the plea.

Bail Bond

A bail bond is a financial guarantee provided by the accused or a surety, ensuring their compliance with court appearances and conditions after bail is granted.

Police Station

A police station is a designated location where law enforcement operates, handling complaints, investigations, and maintaining law and order in its jurisdiction.

Act

An act is a formal legislative statute passed by Parliament or a state assembly, providing rules, regulations, and procedures governing various matters.

Law

Law is the system of rules and guidelines established by society, enforced through institutions, to regulate conduct and ensure justice.

Section

A section is a distinct part of a legal statute or act, specifying particular rules, provisions, or guidelines within the larger framework of the law.

Jail

Jail is a facility for detaining individuals accused or convicted of crimes, serving as a correctional or pre-trial holding institution.

Magistrates

Magistrates are judicial officers responsible for administering justice in lower courts, handling minor cases, bail matters, and preliminary inquiries.

Judges

Judges preside over courts, interpreting laws, assessing evidence, and delivering judgments to ensure justice is served in legal disputes or cases.

Jamanat

Jamanat refers to bail or security deposited to ensure an accused person’s release from custody while guaranteeing their court appearances.

Complaint

A complaint is a formal legal statement filed by an individual or entity alleging wrongdoing or seeking redress for grievances.

Complainant

The complainant is the person or party who files a legal complaint, initiating proceedings against an accused person or entity.

Accused

An accused is an individual formally charged or suspected of committing a crime, pending trial or investigation to establish guilt or innocence.

Seize

Seizing refers to the lawful confiscation or detention of property, goods, or evidence by authorities during an investigation or enforcement.

Crime

Crime is any act or omission punishable by law, considered harmful to individuals, society, or the state, including theft, fraud, and assault.

Criminal

A criminal is an individual convicted of violating laws, having committed acts deemed punishable under the legal system.

Case

A case is a legal dispute or criminal matter brought before a court for resolution or judgment based on presented evidence and arguments.

Expert

An expert is a person with specialized knowledge or skills in a particular field, often called upon for advice or testimony in legal matters.

Specialist

A specialist is someone highly skilled or knowledgeable in a specific area of law, offering expert legal counsel or representation.

Top

Top refers to being at the highest rank or level in a given field, often used to describe leading lawyers or advocates with a successful track record.

Best

Best signifies unparalleled quality or excellence, frequently used for legal professionals known for exceptional expertise and success.

Lawyers

Lawyers are legal professionals licensed to provide advice, represent clients in courts, and assist with legal matters.

Advocates

Advocates are licensed practitioners authorized to appear in courts and represent clients, providing legal advice and advocacy.

Law Firm

A law firm is a professional organization where lawyers or advocates collaborate to provide a wide range of legal services to clients.

Legal

Legal refers to anything permitted by or related to the law, including activities, advice, and services within the legal framework.

Services

Services encompass the assistance, representation, and expertise provided by legal professionals in resolving disputes and legal issues.

Court

A court is a judicial institution where legal disputes are resolved, and justice is administered under the law.

Offense

An offense is a punishable act violating criminal laws, ranging from minor violations to serious felonies.

Trial

A trial is a formal legal process in court where evidence is presented, and arguments are made to determine the outcome of a case.

District Court

District Courts are the primary courts of law for civil and criminal cases, operating within a specific geographical area or district.

Sessions Court

Sessions Courts handle serious criminal offenses, including cases that require greater judicial discretion and sentencing.

High Court

High Courts are the highest judicial authorities in a state, with appellate and original jurisdiction over significant civil and criminal matters.

Supreme Court

The Supreme Court is the apex judicial authority in India, handling constitutional matters and appeals against High Court judgments.

Gujarat

Gujarat is a state in western India, known for its legal framework addressing diverse cases, with Advocate Paresh M Modi offering top-notch legal services.

Maharashtra

Maharashtra is a key state in India with a robust judiciary, known for complex legal cases and high-profile trials in its courts.

Mumbai

Mumbai, the financial capital of India, hosts major legal institutions, including the Bombay High Court, handling significant cases.

Bombay

Bombay, now known as Mumbai, remains an important legal hub, housing prominent courts and law firms.

Delhi

Delhi, the capital of India, is a central hub for legal and governmental proceedings, hosting the Supreme Court and other tribunals.

New Delhi

New Delhi is India’s administrative center, home to key legal institutions and courts for national-level cases.

Near Me

“Near me” refers to finding local legal services or professionals in proximity for convenient access to legal assistance.

Appeal

An appeal is a formal request to a higher court to review and potentially overturn a lower court’s judgment or order.

Revision

Revision involves reviewing and rectifying procedural or jurisdictional errors in a lower court’s judgment or decision.

Airport

Airports often involve legal cases like customs violations or smuggling, requiring specialized lawyers for representation.

Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate

The Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate handles significant criminal and civil cases within their jurisdiction at a subordinate level.

Cheque

A cheque is a negotiable instrument instructing a bank to pay a specific amount from an account holder’s funds to a designated party.

NI Act

The Negotiable Instruments Act governs financial instruments like cheques, including penalties for dishonor due to insufficient funds.

Cheque Return

Cheque return occurs when a bank declines to honor a cheque, often due to insufficient funds or signature mismatch.

Cheque Dishonour

Cheque dishonor happens when a cheque cannot be processed due to insufficient funds, stop payments, or other technical reasons.

Cheque Bounce

Cheque bounce refers to the non-fulfillment of a cheque’s payment, often leading to legal action under the Negotiable Instruments Act.

Plea

A plea is a formal statement made by an accused in court, declaring guilt, innocence, or a defense to charges.

Judgement

A judgment is the formal decision issued by a court following the evaluation of evidence and legal arguments in a case.

Order

An order is a directive issued by a court to address specific issues or procedural steps in a legal case.

CBI

The Central Bureau of Investigation is India’s premier agency for investigating complex and high-profile cases.

ED

The Enforcement Directorate is tasked with investigating financial crimes, including money laundering and foreign exchange violations.

EOW

The Economic Offenses Wing specializes in addressing white-collar crimes, such as fraud, embezzlement, and corporate mismanagement.

POCSO

The Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act provides stringent measures to prevent and penalize crimes against children.

SEBI

The Securities and Exchange Board of India regulates the securities market, ensuring transparency and investor protection.

DRI

The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence investigates customs-related offenses, including smuggling and tax evasion.

ACB

The Anti-Corruption Bureau addresses corruption cases involving public officials, ensuring integrity in public services.

PMLA

The Prevention of Money Laundering Act aims to combat money laundering by attaching properties and prosecuting offenders.

CVC

The Central Vigilance Commission oversees vigilance matters, ensuring transparency and accountability in public administration.

Contact Advocate Paresh M Modi

For legal consultation or representation in matters of Anticipatory bail, Regular bail, Discharge Applications, FIR Quashing, Cheque Return Cases, or Criminal Appeals and For expert legal advice and services, Advocate Paresh M Modi can be contacted during office hours.

  • Office Landline: 079-48001468 (Time 10:30 AM to 6:30 PM, Monday to Saturday).
  • WhatsApp SMS: 9925002031 (Time 9:00 AM to 9:00 PM).
  • Email: advocatepmmodi@gmail.com.

Website: www.advocatepmmodi.in.

 

Author Advocate Paresh M Modi
Categories Cheque Bounce Lawyer, Criminal Cases

Cheque bounce lawyer in Ahmedabad Gujarat | 9925002031 | Top Lawyer for NI Act in Ahmedabad Gujarat

Cheque bounce lawyer in Ahmedabad Gujarat | 9925002031 | Top Lawyer for NI Act in Ahmedabad Gujarat

NI Act Section

15. Endorsement:
When the maker or holder of a negotiable instrument signs the same, otherwise than as such maker, for the purpose of negotiation, on the back or face thereof on a slip of paper annexed thereto, or so signs for the same purpose stamped paper intended to be completed as a negotiable instrument, he is said to indorse the same, and is called the “Endorser”.

16.Indorsement “In Blank” and “in full”,”Indorsee”:
(1) If the indorser signs his name only, the Indorsement is said to be “In blank”, and if he adds a direction to pay the amount mentioned in the instrument to, or to the order of, a specified person, the Indorsement is said to be “in full”, and the person so specified is called the “Indorsee” of the instrument.
(2) The Provisions of this Act relating to a payee shall apply with the necessary modifications to an indorsee.

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17. Ambiguous instruments:
Where an instrument may be construed either as a promissory note or bill of exchange, the holder may at his election treat it as either, and the instrument shall be thenceforward treated accordingly.

18. Where amount is stated differently in figures and words:
If the amount undertaken or ordered to be paid is stated differently in figures and in words, the amount stated in words shall be the amount undertaken or ordered to be paid.
19. Instruments payable on demand:
A Promissory note or bill of exchange, in which no time for payment is specified, and a cheque, are payable on demand.

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NI Act Section  કલમ-15 શેરો:

વટાઉખત કરી આપનાર અથવા તેનો ધારક તે ખતની પાછળ કે તેના આગળના ભાગમાં અથવા તેની સાથે જોડાયેલા કાગળ ઉપર ખત વટાવવાના હેતુથી, ખત કરી આપનાર તરીકે નહીં પણ અન્યથા, સહી કરે અથવા વટાઉખત તરીકે જેને પુર્ણ કરવાનો ઇરાદો હોય તેવા સ્ટેમ્પવાળા કાગળ ઉપર એ જ હેતુથી સહી કરે ત્યારે, તેણે તેના ઉપર શેરો કર્યો કહેવાય અને તે ‘શેરો કરનાર’ કહેવાય.

કલમ-16. “કોરો” શેરો અને “પુરો” શેરો:
શરો કરનાર ફકત પોતાના નામથી શેરો કરે તો તે શેરો ‘કોરો’ શેરો કહેવાય અને ખતમાં દર્શાવેલી રકમ નિર્દિષ્ટ વ્યકિતને અથવા તે વ્યકિતના આદેશ મુજબ આપવાનો આદેશ તેમાં ઉમેરે તો તે શેરો ‘પુરો’ શેરો કહેવાય અને એ રીતે નિર્દિષ્ટ કરેલી વ્યકિતને ખતનો ‘શેરેદાર’ કહેવાય.
ખતના નાણાં લેનાર સંબંધી આ અધિનિયમની જોગવાઇઓ, જરૂરી ફેરફારો સાથે, શેરોદારને લાગુ પડશે.

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કલમ-17 દ્રિરથી ખતો:
કોઇ ખત એવું હોય કે તેને પ્રોમિસરી નોટ અથવા વિનિમયપત્ર એમ બન્ને તરીકે ગણી શકાય ત્યારે તેનો ધારક પોતે ઇચ્છે તે પ્રમાણે તેને તે બેમાંથી એક તરીકે ગણી શકશે અને ત્યાર પછીથી તે અનુસાર તે ખતને પ્રોમિસરી નોટ અથવા વિનિમયપત્ર ગણવામાં આવશે.

કલમ-૧૮. રકમ આંકડામાં અને અક્ષરોમાં જુદી જુદી દર્શાવી હોય ત્યારે :
જે રકમ ચુકવવાની જવાબદારી લેવામાં આવી હોય અથવા ચુકવવાનો આદેશ કર્યો હોય તે રકમ, આંકડામાં અને અક્ષરોમાં જુદી જુદી દર્શાવી હોય તો અક્ષરોમાં દર્શાવેલી રકમ ચુકવવાની જવાબદારી લીધેલી અથવા ચુકવવાનો આદેશ કરેલી રકમ ગણાશે.
કલમ-19. માંગણી થયે ચુકવવાને પાત્ર ખતો:
જે પ્રોમિસરી નોટ અથવા વિનિમયપત્રમાં ચુકવણી માટે સમય નિર્દિષ્ટ કરવામાં આવ્યા ન હોય તે પ્રોમિસરી નોટ અથવા વિનિમયપત્ર અને ચેક માંગણી થયે ચુકવવાને પાત્ર છે.

In Ahmedabad, Best Lawyer of Gujarat High Court, Advocate Paresh M Modi is the well-known Criminal and Land Revenue Lawyer among the Top Criminal Lawyers in Gujarat, for your Property case, cheque Bounce Case, Divorce Case, title Dispute Case, Property Disputes, Bail Matters, Maintenance Case, Domestic Violence Case, you may contact him, Call or WhatsApp now him on Mobile No. 9925002031 for book the Appointment. He is the Advocate in Ahmedabad, Lawyer in Ahmedabad

Author Advocate Paresh M Modi
Categories Advocate, Cheque Bounce Lawyer, Civil Lawyer, Corporate Lawyer, Criminal Cases

Legal Notice Lawyer Near Me in Ahmedabad | 9925002031 | Advocate for legal Notice in Ahmedabad | Advocate Paresh M Modi

Legal Notice Lawyer Near Me in Ahmedabad | 9925002031 | Legal Notice Advocates in Ahmedabad | Advocate Paresh M Modi

A Legal notice is one of the written document sent by a first party or Sender (It may be person or entity) to the second party or opposite party or Receiver with respect to some disputes. It is sent as a warning to the opposite party or receiver that the first party or Sender has certain disputes related to immovable or movable Property or marriage or child or business or maintenance or civil rights, which are not properly taken care of by the second party or opposite party or Receiver, although the first party / Sender has given enough opportunity to the second party / opposite party / Receiver to resolve the problem.

કાનૂની નોટીસ માટેના મારી નજીકના વકીલ | 9925002031 | Advocate for Legal Notice in Ahmedabad Gujarat

અમદાવાદમાં લીગલ નોટિસ માટે વકીલ | 9925002031 | Legal Notice Advocate in Ahmedabad Gujarat

કાનૂની સૂચના એ પ્રથમ પક્ષ અથવા પ્રેષક (તે વ્યક્તિ અથવા એન્ટિટી હોઈ શકે છે) દ્વારા બીજા પક્ષ અથવા વિરોધી પક્ષ અથવા પ્રાપ્તકર્તાને કેટલાક વિવાદોના સંદર્ભમાં મોકલવામાં આવેલ લેખિત દસ્તાવેજોમાંથી એક છે.તે વિરોધી પક્ષ અથવા પ્રાપ્તકર્તાને ચેતવણી તરીકે મોકલવામાં આવે છે કે પ્રથમ પક્ષ અથવા પ્રેષક પાસે સ્થાવર અથવા જંગમ મિલકત અથવા લગ્ન અથવા બાળક અથવા વ્યવસાય અથવા જાળવણી અથવા નાગરિક અધિકારો સંબંધિત કેટલાક વિવાદો છે, જે બીજા પક્ષ અથવા વિરોધી પક્ષ અથવા રીસીવર દ્વારા યોગ્ય રીતે કાળજી લેવામાં આવતી નથી. જો કે પ્રથમ પક્ષ/પ્રેષકે બીજા પક્ષ/વિરોધી પક્ષ/પ્રાપ્તકર્તાને સમસ્યા ઉકેલવા માટે પૂરતી તક આપી છે. તે બીજા પક્ષ/વિરોધી પક્ષ/પ્રાપ્તકર્તાને પ્રથમ અથવા અંતિમ ચેતવણી સમાન છે કે પ્રથમ પક્ષ/પ્રેષક કાનૂની કાર્યવાહી શરૂ કરવા માટે તૈયાર છે અને તે બીજા પક્ષ અથવા વિરોધી પક્ષ અથવા પ્રાપ્તકર્તા માટે વિવાદોને ઉકેલવાની અંતિમ તક છે

Lawyer for Legal Notice in Ahmedabad Gujarat | 9925002031 | Legal Notice Lawyers in Ahmedabad Gujarat | Advocate Paresh M Modi

कानूनी नोटिस के लिए मेरे पास वकील | 9925002031 | Legal Notice  in Ahmedabad | Advocate Paresh M Modi

अहमदाबाद में कानूनी नोटिस के लिए वकील | 9925002031 | Notice Reply Notice in Ahmedabad | Advocate Paresh M Modi

कानूनी नोटिस किसी विवाद के संबंध में पहले पक्ष द्वारा भेजे गए या दूसरे पक्ष-विपक्ष पक्ष-रिसीवर को भेजे गए लिखित दस्तावेजों में से एक है। यह व्यक्ति या संस्था हो सकता है.इसे विपरीत पक्ष-रिसीवर को एक चेतावनी के रूप में भेजा जाता है कि पहले पक्ष-प्रेषक के कुछ विवाद हैं
अचल-चल संपत्ति, विवाह, संतान, व्यवसाय, भरण-पोषण, नागरिक अधिकार से संबंधित, जो उचित नहीं हैं, दूसरे पक्ष-विपरीत पक्ष-रिसीवर द्वारा देखभाल की गई, हालाँकि पहले पक्ष-प्रेषक ने दूसरे पक्ष-विरोधी पक्ष-रिसीवर को समस्या का समाधान करने का पर्याप्त अवसर दिया है।

Top Lawyer for Legal Notice in Ahmedabad | 9925002031 | Best Advocate for Legal Notice in Ahmedabad Gujarat

Advocate Paresh M Modi is the Best Criminal Advocate in Ahmedabad for Legal Notice and Reply of Legal Notice. he is practising in Ahmedabad city and its different areas like, Chandkheda, Sabarmati, Jawahar Chock, Keshavnagar, RTO Circle, Gandhi Ashram, Vadaj, New Vadaj, Bhimjipura, Akhbar nagar, KK nagar, Ghatlodia, Chanakyapuri, Sola, Shayona City, Naranpura, Navrangpura, Gurukul, CP nagar, Bhuyangdev, Usmanpura, Drivein, Science City, Satadhar, Memnagar, Nirnay Nagar, Chenpur, Kali Gaam, Zundal, Adalaj, IOC Road, Bhadaj Santej, Shilaj, Ambli, Bopal, Shilaj, Shela, Apple Wood, Godrej Garden City Ahmedabad, Adani Shantigram Ahmedabad, Krishna nagar, D-Cabin, Ramnagar Ahmedabad, Gujarat University, Ambawadi, Ashram Road, Income tax Circle, Nehru Bridge, Ellis Bridge, Paldi, Vasna, Shahibag, Ranip, Mithakhali, New Ranip, Dariapur, Kalupur, Shahpur, Station Road Ahmedabad, Ghee Kanta, Mirzapur Ahmedabad, Dafnala Ahmedabad, Airport Road, Sardar nagar, Kuber Nagar, Memco, Civil Hospital, Bapunagar, Gomtipur, Asarva, Prahladnagar, Makarba, Satellite, Anand Nagar, Bodakdev, Vastrapur, Thaltej, Shilaj, Jodhpur, Ramdev nagar, Sindhu bhavan, Gota, Ognaj, Vande-Matram Circle, Tragad, Jagatpur, Motera, New CG Road, SG Road, Sarkhej, Juhapura, Kankaria, Maninagar, Ghodasar, Isanpur, Vatva, Ramol, Vastral, Odhav, Narol, Hathijan, Dehgam, Nikol, New Nikol, Naroda, New Naroda, SP Ring Road, Lambha, Aslali, GIDC Ahmedabad, Saijpur Bogha, Bhadra, Lal Darwaja, Relief Road, Balol Nagar, Central Jail Sabarmati, Chandlodia, Raipur Khadia, Sarangpur,

In Ahmedabad, Best Lawyer of Gujarat High Court, Advocate Paresh M Modi is the well-known Criminal Case Lawyer, Cheque Bounce Advocate and Land Revenue Lawyer among the Top Criminal Lawyers in Ahmedabad, Top Cheque Bounce Lawyers in Gujarat, for your Property case, cheque Bounce Case, Divorce Case, title Dispute Case, Property Disputes, Bail Matters, Maintenance Case, Domestic Violence Case, you may contact him, Call or WhatsApp now him on Mobile No. 9925002031 for book the Appointment. He is the Advocate in Ahmedabad, Lawyer in Ahmedabad

 

Legal Words and Definition

Cheque

A cheque is a negotiable instrument instructing a bank to pay a specific amount from an account holder’s funds to a designated party.

NI Act

The Negotiable Instruments Act governs financial instruments like cheques, including penalties for dishonor due to insufficient funds.

Cheque Return

Cheque return occurs when a bank declines to honor a cheque, often due to insufficient funds or signature mismatch.

Cheque Dishonour

Cheque dishonor happens when a cheque cannot be processed due to insufficient funds, stop payments, or other technical reasons.

Cheque Bounce

Cheque bounce refers to the non-fulfillment of a cheque’s payment, often leading to legal action under the Negotiable Instruments Act.

Plea

A plea is a formal statement made by an accused in court, declaring guilt, innocence, or a defense to charges.

Act

An act is a formal legislative statute passed by Parliament or a state assembly, providing rules, regulations, and procedures governing various matters.

Law

Law is the system of rules and guidelines established by society, enforced through institutions, to regulate conduct and ensure justice.

Section

A section is a distinct part of a legal statute or act, specifying particular rules, provisions, or guidelines within the larger framework of the law.

Jail

Jail is a facility for detaining individuals accused or convicted of crimes, serving as a correctional or pre-trial holding institution.

Magistrates

Magistrates are judicial officers responsible for administering justice in lower courts, handling minor cases, bail matters, and preliminary inquiries.

Judges

Judges preside over courts, interpreting laws, assessing evidence, and delivering judgments to ensure justice is served in legal disputes or cases.

Jamanat

Jamanat refers to bail or security deposited to ensure an accused person’s release from custody while guaranteeing their court appearances.

Complaint

A complaint is a formal legal statement filed by an individual or entity alleging wrongdoing or seeking redress for grievances.

Complainant

The complainant is the person or party who files a legal complaint, initiating proceedings against an accused person or entity.

Accused

An accused is an individual formally charged or suspected of committing a crime, pending trial or investigation to establish guilt or innocence.

Crime

Crime is any act or omission punishable by law, considered harmful to individuals, society, or the state, including theft, fraud, and assault.

Criminal

A criminal is an individual convicted of violating laws, having committed acts deemed punishable under the legal system.

Case

A case is a legal dispute or criminal matter brought before a court for resolution or judgment based on presented evidence and arguments.

Expert

An expert is a person with specialized knowledge or skills in a particular field, often called upon for advice or testimony in legal matters.

Specialist

A specialist is someone highly skilled or knowledgeable in a specific area of law, offering expert legal counsel or representation.

Top

Top refers to being at the highest rank or level in a given field, often used to describe leading lawyers or advocates with a successful track record.

Best

Best signifies unparalleled quality or excellence, frequently used for legal professionals known for exceptional expertise and success.

Near Me

“Near me” refers to finding local legal services or professionals in proximity for convenient access to legal assistance.

Appeal

An appeal is a formal request to a higher court to review and potentially overturn a lower court’s judgment or order.

Revision

Revision involves reviewing and rectifying procedural or jurisdictional errors in a lower court’s judgment or decision.

FIR

A FIR (First Information Report) is the initial complaint recorded by the police when a cognizable offense is reported. It serves as the basis for the investigation and includes essential details of the alleged crime.

Quash

Quash refers to the legal process of nullifying or canceling an official proceeding, order, or complaint. Courts quash FIRs or orders if they lack merit or violate legal principles.

Quashing

Quashing is the act of invalidating a case, FIR, or legal order by the authority of a court, often based on lack of evidence, jurisdictional errors, or procedural irregularities.

Summons

A summons is a legal document issued by a court requiring a person to appear before it on a specified date, either as a witness, accused, or respondent.

Notice

A notice is a formal written communication informing an individual or entity about legal proceedings, obligations, or actions they need to address or comply with.

Warrant

A warrant is a legal authorization issued by a court allowing law enforcement to arrest, search, or detain a person, or seize property in connection with a case.

Bailable

Bailable offenses allow the accused to obtain bail as a matter of right, often for less severe crimes, upon fulfilling certain conditions set by the court.

Non-Bailable

Non-bailable offenses are more serious in nature, requiring judicial discretion for granting bail, with no automatic right for the accused to secure release.

Bail

Bail is the temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, granted under certain conditions to ensure their appearance in court.

Anticipatory Bail

Anticipatory bail is a legal provision allowing an individual to seek bail in advance to avoid arrest when they anticipate being accused of a crime.

Regular Bail

Regular bail is granted to an accused person already in custody, ensuring their release pending trial or investigation.

Successive Bail

Successive bail refers to subsequent bail applications filed after an earlier one has been rejected, usually requiring new grounds or evidence.

Bail Application

A bail application is a formal request submitted to the court, seeking the release of an accused person on bail, explaining legal grounds for the plea.

Bail Bond

A bail bond is a financial guarantee provided by the accused or a surety, ensuring their compliance with court appearances and conditions after bail is granted.

Police Station

A police station is a designated location where law enforcement operates, handling complaints, investigations, and maintaining law and order in its jurisdiction.

Act

An act is a formal legislative statute passed by Parliament or a state assembly, providing rules, regulations, and procedures governing various matters.

Law

Law is the system of rules and guidelines established by society, enforced through institutions, to regulate conduct and ensure justice.

Section

A section is a distinct part of a legal statute or act, specifying particular rules, provisions, or guidelines within the larger framework of the law.

Jail

Jail is a facility for detaining individuals accused or convicted of crimes, serving as a correctional or pre-trial holding institution.

Seize

Seizing refers to the lawful confiscation or detention of property, goods, or evidence by authorities during an investigation or enforcement.

Lawyers

Lawyers are legal professionals licensed to provide advice, represent clients in courts, and assist with legal matters.

Advocates

Advocates are licensed practitioners authorized to appear in courts and represent clients, providing legal advice and advocacy.

Law Firm

A law firm is a professional organization where lawyers or advocates collaborate to provide a wide range of legal services to clients.

Legal

Legal refers to anything permitted by or related to the law, including activities, advice, and services within the legal framework.

Services

Services encompass the assistance, representation, and expertise provided by legal professionals in resolving disputes and legal issues.

Court

A court is a judicial institution where legal disputes are resolved, and justice is administered under the law.

Offense

An offense is a punishable act violating criminal laws, ranging from minor violations to serious felonies.

Trial

A trial is a formal legal process in court where evidence is presented, and arguments are made to determine the outcome of a case.

District Court

District Courts are the primary courts of law for civil and criminal cases, operating within a specific geographical area or district.

Sessions Court

Sessions Courts handle serious criminal offenses, including cases that require greater judicial discretion and sentencing.

High Court

High Courts are the highest judicial authorities in a state, with appellate and original jurisdiction over significant civil and criminal matters.

Supreme Court

The Supreme Court is the apex judicial authority in India, handling constitutional matters and appeals against High Court judgments.

Gujarat

Gujarat is a state in western India, known for its legal framework addressing diverse cases, with Advocate Paresh M Modi offering top-notch legal services.

Maharashtra

Maharashtra is a key state in India with a robust judiciary, known for complex legal cases and high-profile trials in its courts.

Mumbai

Mumbai, the financial capital of India, hosts major legal institutions, including the Bombay High Court, handling significant cases.

Bombay

Bombay, now known as Mumbai, remains an important legal hub, housing prominent courts and law firms.

Delhi

Delhi, the capital of India, is a central hub for legal and governmental proceedings, hosting the Supreme Court and other tribunals.

New Delhi

New Delhi is India’s administrative center, home to key legal institutions and courts for national-level cases.

Near Me

“Near me” refers to finding local legal services or professionals in proximity for convenient access to legal assistance.

Appeal

An appeal is a formal request to a higher court to review and potentially overturn a lower court’s judgment or order.

Revision

Revision involves reviewing and rectifying procedural or jurisdictional errors in a lower court’s judgment or decision.

Airport

Airports often involve legal cases like customs violations or smuggling, requiring specialized lawyers for representation.

Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate

The Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate handles significant criminal and civil cases within their jurisdiction at a subordinate level.

Judgement

A judgment is the formal decision issued by a court following the evaluation of evidence and legal arguments in a case.

Order

An order is a directive issued by a court to address specific issues or procedural steps in a legal case.

CBI

The Central Bureau of Investigation is India’s premier agency for investigating complex and high-profile cases.

ED

The Enforcement Directorate is tasked with investigating financial crimes, including money laundering and foreign exchange violations.

EOW

The Economic Offenses Wing specializes in addressing white-collar crimes, such as fraud, embezzlement, and corporate mismanagement.

POCSO

The Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act provides stringent measures to prevent and penalize crimes against children.

SEBI

The Securities and Exchange Board of India regulates the securities market, ensuring transparency and investor protection.

DRI

The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence investigates customs-related offenses, including smuggling and tax evasion.

ACB

The Anti-Corruption Bureau addresses corruption cases involving public officials, ensuring integrity in public services.

PMLA

The Prevention of Money Laundering Act aims to combat money laundering by attaching properties and prosecuting offenders.

CVC

The Central Vigilance Commission oversees vigilance matters, ensuring transparency and accountability in public administration.

Contact Advocate Paresh M Modi

For legal consultation or representation in matters of Anticipatory bail, Regular bail, Discharge Applications, FIR Quashing, Cheque Return Cases, or Criminal Appeals, connect with Advocate Paresh M Modi through his official website: www.advocatepmmodi.in.

Mobile: +91 9925002031 (Only WhatsApp sms During the 9 Am to 9 Pm)
Office Landline: +91-79-48001468 (For Appointment, Call During the 10.30 Am to 6.30 Pm-Working days)
Email: advocatepmmodi@gmail.com
Website: www.advocatepmmodi.in
Office Address:
Office No. C/112, Supath-2 Complex, Opp. Kohinoor Plaza Hotel, Near Old Wadaj Bus Stand, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad – 380013, Gujarat, India.

 

Author Advocate Paresh M Modi
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