Categories Legal Disputes

Section-14 : The Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section-14. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling. — Facts showing the existence of any state of mind, such as intention, knowledge, good faith, negligence, rashness, ill-will or good-will towards any particular person, or showing the existence of any state of body or bodily feeling, are relevant, when the existence of any such state of mind or body or bodily feeling, is in issue or relevant.

Explanation 1. — A fact relevant as showing the existence of a relevant state of mind must show that the state of mind exists, not generally, but in reference to the particular matter in question.

Explanation 2. — But where, upon the trial of a person accused of an offence, the previous commission by the accused of an offence is relevant within the meaning of this section, the previous conviction of such person shall also be a relevant fact.

धारा 14 – मन या शरीर की दशा शारीरीक संवेदना का अस्तित्व दर्शित करने वाले तथ्य – मन की कोई भी दशा जैसे आशय, ज्ञान, सद्भाव, उपेक्षा, उतावलापन, किसी विशिष्ट व्यक्ति के प्रति वैमनस्य या सदिच्छा दर्शित करने वाले अथवा शरीर की या शारीरिक संवेदना की किसी दशा का अस्तित्व दर्शित करने वाले तथ्य तब सुसंगत हैं, जबकि ऐसा मन की या शरीर की या शारीरिक संवेदन की किसी ऐसी दशा का अस्तित्व विवाद्य या सुसंगत है।

स्पष्टीकरण 1 – जो तथ्य इस नाते सुसंगत है िकवह मन की सुसंगत दशा के अस्तित्व को दर्शित करता है, उससे यह दर्शित होना ही चाहिए कि मन की वह दशा साधारणतः नहीं, अपितु प्रश्नगत विशिष्ट विषय के बारे में, अस्तित्व में है।

स्पष्टीकरण 2 – किन्तु जब किसी अपराध के अभियुक्त व्यक्ति के विचार में इस धारा के अर्थ के अन्तर्गत उस अभियुक्त द्वारा किसी अपराध का कभी पहले किया जाता सुसंगत हो, तब व्यक्ति की पूर्व-दोषसिद्धि भी सुसंगत तथ्य होगी।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly regarded advocate based in Ahmedabad, known for his expertise in criminal law. As a distinguished lawyer at the Gujarat High Court, he specializes in a wide range of legal matters, making him a sought-after professional in various areas of law. Some of his notable specializations include handling cases related to cheque bounce, property disputes, cybercrime, court marriages, divorces, debt recovery tribunals (DRT), FIR quashing, land revenue disputes, anticipatory bail, PASA (Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act), family law, civil law, and more. Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

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Section-118 Who May Testify : The Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Section-118 Who May Testify — All persons shall be competent to testify unless the Court considers that they are prevented from understanding the questions put to them, or from giving rational answers to those questions, by tender years, extreme old age, disease, whether of body or mind, or any other cause of the same kind.

118. कौन साक्ष्य दे सकेगा – सभी व्यक्ति साक्ष्य देने के लिए सक्षम होंगे, जब तक कि न्यायालय का यह विचार न हो कि कोमल वयस, अति वार्धक्य शरीर के या मन के राग या इसी प्रकार के किसी अन्य कारण से वे उनके किए गए प्रश्नों को समझने से या उन प्रश्नों के युक्तियुक्त उत्तर देने से निवारित है।

Explanation — A lunatic is not incompetent to testify, unless he is prevented by his lunacy from understanding the questions put to him and giving rational answers to them.

स्पष्टीकरण – कोई पागल व्यक्ति साक्षर देने के लिए सक्षम नहीं है, जब तक कि वह अपने पागलपन के कारण उससे किए गए प्रश्नों को समझने से या उनके युक्तिसंगत उत्तर देने से निवारित न हो।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly regarded advocate based in Ahmedabad, known for his expertise in criminal law. As a distinguished lawyer at the Gujarat High Court, he specializes in a wide range of legal matters, making him a sought-after professional in various areas of law. Some of his notable specializations include handling cases related to cheque bounce, property disputes, cybercrime, court marriages, divorces, debt recovery tribunals (DRT), FIR quashing, land revenue disputes, anticipatory bail, PASA (Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act), family law, civil law, and more. Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

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Follow Advocate Paresh M Modi, the esteemed lawyer, for valuable insights, legal analysis, and engaging discussions. Stay informed about the law and legal developments through his informative content. In the meantime, check out other Information from Home Page, or call us at Landline No: +91-79-48001468 or Phone & WhatsApp No: +91 99250 02031.

Author Advocate Paresh M Modi
Categories Legal Disputes

Section-101 Burden of Proof : The Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Section-101 Burden of proof :-

Whoever desires any Court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts, must prove that those facts exist. When a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact, it is said that the burden of proof lies on that person.
Illustration-

(a) A desires a Court to give judgment that B shall be punished for a crime which A says B has committed. A must prove that B has committed the crime.

(b) A desires a Court to give judgment that he is entitled to certain land in the possession of B, by reason of facts which he asserts, and which B denies, to be true. A must prove the existence of those facts.

101. सबूत का भार-

जो कोई न्यायालय से ये चाहता है कि वह ऐसे किसी विधिक अधिकार या दयित्व के बारे में निर्णय दे, जो उन तथ्यों के अस्तित्व पर निर्भर है, जिन्हें वह प्राक्ष्यात करता है, उसे साबित करना होगा कि उन तथ्यों का अस्तित्व है।जब कोई व्यक्ति किसी तथ्य का अस्तित्व साबित करने के लिए आबद्ध है तब यह कहा जाता है कि उस व्यक्ति पर सबूत का भार है।

दृष्टान्त-

(क) न्यायालय से चाहता है कि वह ख को उस अपराध के लिए दण्डित करने का निर्णय दे जिसके बारे में क कहता है कि वह ख ने किया है।क को यह साबित करना होगा कि ख ने वह अपराध किया है।

(ख) क न्यायालय से चाहता है कि न्यायालय उन तथ्यों के कारण, जिन के सत्य होने का वह प्राक्ष्यान और ख प्रत्याख्यान करता हैं यह निर्णय दे कि वह ख के कब्जे में की भूमि का हकदार है।क् को उन तथ्यों का अस्तित्व साबित करना होगा।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly regarded advocate based in Ahmedabad, known for his expertise in criminal law. As a distinguished lawyer at the Gujarat High Court, he specializes in a wide range of legal matters, making him a sought-after professional in various areas of law. Some of his notable specializations include handling cases related to cheque bounce, property disputes, cybercrime, court marriages, divorces, debt recovery tribunals (DRT), FIR quashing, land revenue disputes, anticipatory bail, PASA (Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act), family law, civil law, and more. Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIn | Instagram | YouTube

Follow Advocate Paresh M Modi, the esteemed lawyer, for valuable insights, legal analysis, and engaging discussions. Stay informed about the law and legal developments through his informative content. In the meantime, check out other Information from Home Page, or call us at Landline No: +91-79-48001468 or Phone & WhatsApp No: +91 99250 02031.

Author Advocate Paresh M Modi
Categories Criminal Cases, Criminal Lawyer, Legal Disputes

Section 154 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973

Section 154 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973

(1) Every information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence, if given orally to an officer in charge of a police station, shall be reduced to writing by him or under his direction and be read over to the informant; and every such information, whether given in writing or reduced to writing as aforesaid, shall be signed by the person giving it and the substance thereof shall be entered in a book to be kept by such officer in such form as the State Government may prescribe in this behalf.

Provided that if the information is given by the woman against whom an offence under section 326A, section 326B, section 354, section 354A, section 354B, section 354C, section 354D, section 376, section 376A, section 376AB, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D, section 376D A, section 376D B), section 376E or section 509 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) is alleged to have been committed or attempted, then such information shall be recorded, by a woman police officer or any woman officer.

Provided further that

(a) in the event that the person against whom an offence under section 354, section 354A, section 354B, section 354C, section 354D, section 376, ‘[section 376A, section 376AB, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D, section 376DA, section 376DB), section 376E or section 509 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) is alleged to have been committed or attempted, is temporarily or • permanently mentally or physically disabled, then such information shall be recorded by a police officer, at the residence of the person seeking to report such offence or at a convenient place of such person’s choice, in the presence of an interpreter or a special educator, as the case may be.

(b) the recording of such information shall be video graphed.

(c) the police officer shall get the statement of the person recorded by a Judicial Magistrate under clause (a) of sub-section (5A) of section 164 as soon as possible.)

(2) A copy of the information as recorded under sub-section (1) shall be given forthwith, free of cost, to the informant.

(3) Any person, aggrieved by a refusal on the part of an officer in charge of a police station to record the information referred to in sub-section (1) may send the substance of such information, in writing and by post, to the Superintendent of Police concerned who, if satisfied that such information discloses the commission of a cognizable offence, shall either investigate the case himself or direct an investigation to be made by any police officer subordinate to him, in the manner provided by this Code and such officer shall have all the powers of an officer in charge of the police station in relation to that offence.

सीआरपीसी की धारा 154 :-

(1) संज्ञेय अपराध के किए जाने से संबंधित प्रत्येक इत्तिला, यदि पुलिस थाने के भारसाधक अधिकारी को मौखिक दी गई है तो उसके द्वारा या उसके निदेशाधीन लेखबद्ध कर ली जाएगी और इत्तिला देने वाले को पढ़कर सुनाई जाएगी और प्रत्येक ऐसी इत्तिला पर, चाहे वह लिखित रूप में दी गई हो या पूर्वोक्त रूप में लेखबद्ध की गई हो, उस व्यक्ति द्वारा हस्ताक्षर किए जाएंगे, जो उसे दे और उसका सार ऐसी पुस्तक में, जो उस अधिकारी द्वारा ऐसे रूप में रखी जाएगी जिसे राज्य सरकार इस निमित्त विहित करे, प्रविष्ट किया जाएगा।

परन्तु यदि किसी स्त्री द्वारा, जिसके विरुद्ध भारतीय दण्ड संहिता (1860 का 45) की धारा 326 क, धारा 326 ख, धारा 354, धारा 354क, धारा 354ख, धारा 354ग, धारा 354घ, धारा 376, धारा 376 क, धारा 376 क ख, धारा 376ख, धारा 376ग, धारा 376 घ, धारा 376 घ क, धारा 376घ ख, धारा 376ङ या धारा 509 के अधीन किसी अपराध के किए जाने या किए जाने का प्रयत्न किए जाने का अभिकथन किया गया है, कोई इत्तिला दी जाती है तो ऐसी इत्तिला किसी महिला पुलिस अधिकारी या किसी महिला अधिकारी द्वारा अभिलिखित की जाएगी |

परन्तु यह और कि:

(क) यदि वह व्यक्ति, जिसके विरुद्ध भारतीय दण्ड संहिता (1860 का 45) की धारा 354, धारा 354क, धारा 354ख, धारा 354ग, धारा 354घ, धारा 376, धारा 376क, धारा 376कख, धारा 376ख, धारा 376ग, धारा 376घ, धारा 376घक, धारा 376घख, धारा 376ङ या धारा 509 के अधीन किसी अपराध के किए जाने का या किए जाने का प्रयत्न किए जाने का अभिकथन किया गया है, अस्थायी या स्थायी रूप से मानसिक या शारीरिक रूप से नि:शक्त है, तो ऐसी इत्तिला किसी पुलिस अधिकारी द्वारा उस व्यक्ति के, जो ऐसे अपराध की रिपोर्ट करने की ईप्सा करता है, निवास-स्थान पर या उस व्यक्ति के विकल्प के किसी सुगम स्थान पर, यथास्थिति, किसी द्विभाषिए या किसी विशेष प्रबोधक की उपस्थिति में अभिलिखित की जाएगी;

(ख) ऐसी इत्तिला के अभिलेखन की वीडियो फिल्म तैयार की जाएगी;

(ग) पुलिस अधिकारी, धारा 164 की उपधारा (5क) के खण्ड (क) के अधीन किसी न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट द्वारा उस व्यक्ति का कथन यथा संभवशीघ्र अभिलिखित कराएगा।

(2) उपधारा (1) के अधीन अभिलिखित इत्तिला की प्रतिलिपि, इत्तिला देने वाले को तत्काल निःशुल्क जाएगी।

(3) कोई व्यक्ति जो किसी पुलिस थाने के भारसाधक अधिकारी के उपधारा (1) में निर्दिष्ट इत्तिला को अभिलिखित करने से इंकार करने से व्यथित है, ऐसी इत्तिला का सार लिखित रूप में और डाक द्वारा संबद्ध पुलिस अधीक्षक को भेज सकता है जो, यदि उसका यह समाधान हो जाता है कि ऐसी इत्तिला से किसी संज्ञेय अपराध का किया जाना प्रकट होता है तो, या तो स्वयं मामले का अन्वेषण करेगा या अपने अधीनस्थ किसी पुलिस अधिकारी द्वारा इस संहिता द्वारा उपबंधित रीति में अन्वेषण किए जाने का निदेश देगा और उस अधिकारी को उस अपराध के संबंध में पुलिस थाने के भारसाधक अधिकारी की सभी शक्तियाँ होंगी।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

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Categories Legal Disputes

The Indian Evidence Act 1872 : Section 115 Estoppel

Section 115 Estoppel

When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed, in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative, to deny the truth of that thing.

Illustration

A intentionally and falsely leads B to believe that certain land belongs to A, and thereby induces B to buy and pay for it.

The land afterwards becomes the property of A, and A seeks to set aside the sale on the ground that, at the time of the sale, he had no title. He must not be allowed to prove his want of title.

धारा 115 विबंध :

जबकि एक व्यक्ति ने अपनी घोषणा, कार्य या लोप द्वारा अन्य व्यक्ति को विश्वास साशय कराया है या कर लेने दिया है कि कोई बात सत्य है और ऐसे विश्वास पर कार्य कराया या करने दिया है, तब न तो उसे और न उसके प्रतिनिधि को अपने और ऐसे व्यक्ति के, या उसके प्रतिनिधि के, बीच किसी वाद या कार्यवाही में उस बात की सत्यता का प्रत्याख्यान करने दिया जाएगा।

दृष्टांत

क साशय और मिथ्या रूप से ख को यह विश्वास करने के लिए प्रेरित करता है कि अमुक भूमिका की है, और तद्द्वारा ख को उसके क्रय करने और उसका मूल्य चुकाने के लिए उत्प्रेरित करता है।

तत्पश्चात भूमि क की सम्पत्ति हो जाती है और क इस आधार पर कि विक्रय के समय उसका उसमें हक नहीं था, विक्रय अपास्त करने की ईप्सा करता है। उसे अपने हक का अभाव साबित नहीं करने दिया जाएगा।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

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Follow Advocate Paresh M Modi, the esteemed lawyer, for valuable insights, legal analysis, and engaging discussions. Stay informed about the law and legal developments through his informative content. In the meantime, check out other Information from Home Page, or call us at Landline No: +91-79-48001468 or Phone & WhatsApp No: +91 99250 02031.

Author Advocate Paresh M Modi
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